Free PDF The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy, by Seymour M. Hersh
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The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy, by Seymour M. Hersh
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An investigation into Israel's nuclear capabilities discloses information about the country's rush toward nuclear status, its collaboration with South Africa and Iran, and its espionage activities. Reprint. NYT.
- Sales Rank: #290094 in Books
- Published on: 1991-10-27
- Released on: 1991-10-27
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Binding: Hardcover
- 354 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Hersh's investigation into Israel's nuclear capabilities sparked a series of controversies when it appeared in hardcover, and spent three weeks on PW 's bestseller list.
Copyright 1992 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Library Journal
Ever since the early 1950s, Israel has had one military eye firmly fixed on atomic weapons as a means of salvation, using them primarily as a military threat for both offensive and defensive purposes. Hersh, a Pulitzer Prize winner, expounds on the steady but quiet growth of an Israeli nuclear industry that proved so successful that Israel was able to coerce several U.S. administrations into doing its bidding. He also explores in depth Israeli access to U.S. intelligence satellite technologies that resulted from inattention by Washington leaders as well as from the four years of insider spying by Jonathan Jay Pollard. He reveals that the Soviet Union has been targeted by Israeli nuclear warheads since the mid-1980s. Unlike several other recent expos es of Israeli intelligence apparatus (Ian Black and Benny Morris's Israel's Secret Wars , LJ 8/91, and Andrew and Leslie Cockburn's Dangerous Liaison , LJ 6/15/91), Hersh follows the threads of a specific intelligence focus while highlighting U.S. policies that ultimately ignore the very real presence of the Israeli nuclear arsenal. This incredibly well-written book should be in every collection.
- David Snider, Casa Grande P.L., Ariz.
Copyright 1991 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From the Publisher
"Almost defies belief...a riveting tale of Israeli determination and cunning--and Washington's indecision, ineptitude and acquiescence."--Dallas Morning News
Most helpful customer reviews
22 of 24 people found the following review helpful.
The History of Israel's nukes.
By J.L. Populist
"The Samson Option" is a detailed investigation into how Israel acquired nuclear weapons technology and ultimately, nuclear weapons.
The Israeli partnership with the French and later on South Africa on development of those weapons are examined along with some of the scientists involved.
The Pollard spy case is the subject of one chapter in the book.
The relationship with Israel from an American foreign policy standpoint of administrations stretching from Eisenhower to Bush Sr. is examined. Not all U.S presidents had the same view of Israel's nuclear pursuit. None were willing to admit knowledge of the program or address it publicly. It was considered better to be insulated from the issue or at least ignorant of it.
The Israeli lobby and it's financial contributions to presidents from Truman on was discussed. LBJ was definitely not adverse to accepting private,personal cash contributions from anyone.
Mr. Hersh mentions a subject that very few authors or pundits will mention-the Israeli Air Force attack on the U.S.S. Liberty in 1967.
Another interesting subject in "The Samson Option" is the people who privately financed the operation.
There is also a description of Israel's version of Los Alamos- they call it Dimona.
Seymour Hersh has provided yet another well-documented exercise in investigative journalism. The subject is one that is just as relevant to foreign policy today as it was when the author wrote this book. Whether you think Israel should have nuclear weapons or not, this book is THE BOOK to read on the subject!
13 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Totally wrong about NUMEC uranium diversion, overly reliant on testimony from Israeli's North American nuclear fundraiser
By Grant F. Smith
The Sampson Option, written a quarter century ago, has never really been the gold standard for understanding the Israeli nuclear weapons program. Hersh relied heavily on Abraham Feinberg for information, but never discovered (apparently) that he was talking to the undercover North American fundraiser for the program (as was later uncovered by Avner Cohen, who has done more recent work).
Hersh whitewashes the story of the theft of 339 kilograms of weapons grade uranium from the NUMEC plant in Apollo, PA.
1. David Lowenthal, who was involved in smuggling operations during the "War of Independence" in Israel (mentioned) was also in close contact with high officials in Israeli intelligence (FBI photos), and organized the capital for Apollo Industries, the facilities and was a major capital provider of NUMEC. He and Shapiro were caught on an FBI wiretap covering up a major toxic spill (declassified 2011) so they weren't above breaking the law.
2. Eyewitnesses testimony to the FBI (in 1980) revealed Shapiro stuffing HEU containers into irradiators shipped to Israel in the 1960s. (Hersh does not mention that).
3. HEU of the same signature as that provided to NUMEC was picked up outside Dimona. When the former AEC director was informed of this (in an office memo obtained and published in Divert!), he refused to meet further with the DOE inspectors inquiring on behalf of the FBI. Most insiders point to Glenn Seaborg as the key AEC director, a friend of Shapiro's, as providing key cover. Shapiro was alarmed (according to FBI wiretaps) when their "friend" announced he was leaving. Upon leaving the AEC, Seaborg was feted at the Waldorf Astoria by Israeli nuclear weapons funding coordinator Abraham Feinberg at a Weizmann Institute (key nuclear weapons research front) fundraiser.
4. Shapiro initially lied about his meetings with Israeli intelligence agent in the Pittsburgh airport (while under FBI surveillance) and then changed his story.
5. The AEC inspection of NUMEC losses was a sham, it was aimed at preserving the AEC, not finding out what happened. A review of the transcript of the February 1966 meeting of AEC officials (which Hersh apparently did not bother to read) indicates they went into the meeting determined to find no loss.
6. Hersh claims "But most of the uranium was not in the plant's waste pits; it was embedded in the concrete floor, clinging to ventilation ducts, flushed out with other plant wastes into the local waterways, and scattered in the air." That's his opinion, but not an established fact, and not the conclusion of the NRC which refused to exonerate Zalman Shapiro only says there is no "specific evidence" of diversion but that it cannot rule it out "unequivocally."
7. Shapiro admits to Hersh he knew LAKAM chief Benjamin Blumberg. Hersh leaves out entirely the fact that Shapiro invited LAKAM spy Rafael Eitan (who later ran Jonathan Pollard) to visit the plant during one year of heavy losses. Eitan and his team were undercover. Shapiro never explained why they were in the plant, but Anthony Cordesman was not shy to chip in, " “there is no conceivable reason for Eitan to have gone [to the Apollo plant] but for the nuclear material.”
8. In the documents released by ISCAP in 2014, Zbig Brzesinski found the diversion case compelling, and suggested ways to cover it up.
For expert reporting on the Israeli nuke program, read Avner Cohen. For NUMEC read the book "Divert! NUMEC, Zalman Shapiro, and the diversion of U.S. weapons grade uranium into the Israeli nuclear weapons program. (also sold by Amazon).
20 of 22 people found the following review helpful.
Israel, North Korea and Iran?
By D. F SHAFER
There is no more timely topic in international nuclear proliferation today (May 2005) than the capability of North Korea, Iran, Pakistan and India to produce nuclear weapons. How did we get here? Seymour Hersh has written to blue print for how the nuclear powers - US, USSR, England, France and China - looked the other way while a nation "went nuclear". That nation was Israel. When Hersh published "The Samson Option" in 1991, he had tied together 30 years of speculation, leaked intelligence and flawed policy statements and positions into a cogent and understandable treatise on Israel's nuclear capabilities.
This book is also an eye-opener in how American presidents, from John Kennedy to George Herbert Walker Bush, decided to see only what they wanted to see with Israel's nuclear weaponization. The ultimate example of American politicians' hypocritical, double-dealing and deceitful treatment of Israel's capabilities resided in Lyndon Johnson. While assuring the US of doing everything to stop nuclear proliferation he was taking political donations and dispensing favors to the major Jewish supporters in the US of Israel's weapons facilities. The sad truth, is that like the Irish Republican Army, the greatest private donors to the development of Israel's nuclear bombs were private American citizens.
This book is as fresh and enlightening today as it was when first published in 1991. Find a copy and read it if you want to get an idea of how we may be dealing with India, Pakistan, Iran and North Korea today.
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